Public Limited Company Registration in India

A Public Limited Company (PLC) is a business structure that allows its shares to be bought and sold by the general public, usually through a stock exchange. This makes it easier for the company to raise large amounts of capital from a wide range of investors.

A PLC is typically governed by a board of directors, with a CEO or managing director handling day-to-day operations. Their primary responsibility is to act in the best interest of shareholders and maximize shareholder value.

Features of a Public Limited Company

A Public Limited Company (PLC) is a popular business structure offering limited liability, public fundraising capabilities, and enhanced credibility.

Below are the key features that define a PLC:

• Limited Liability: Shareholders' personal assets are protected. Their financial risk is capped at the amount invested in the company's shares.
• Superior Access to Capital: A key advantage of a PLC is its ability to raise substantial funds from the general public. By issuing shares (equity) and other securities like debentures (debt) on the stock market, the company can access vast capital markets. This makes it possible to finance large-scale projects, acquisitions, and ambitious growth plans that are typically out of reach for private companies.
• Separate Legal Entity: A PLC is legally distinct from its shareholders. It can own property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its name.
• Transferability of Shares: Shares in a PLC are freely transferable and traded on stock exchanges, offering liquidity and flexibility to investors.
• Public Disclosure: PLCs are required to publish annual financial statements and other key information, promoting transparency and investor confidence.
• Prospectus Requirement: Before offering shares to the public, a PLC must issue a prospectus detailing the company’s financials, operations, and risks, helping investors make informed decisions.
• Minimum Membership: A PLC must have at least 7 shareholders, but there is no upper limit, allowing broad ownership and greater capital pooling.
• Board of Directors: A PLC is managed by a board of directors responsible for strategic decisions and corporate governance. They are accountable to shareholders.
• "Limited" or "Ltd." in Company Name: The company name must end with "Limited" or "Ltd." to signify its public, limited liability status.
• Regulatory Compliance: PLCs are subject to stricter legal and regulatory requirements than private companies, ensuring greater accountability and investor protection.

Types of Public Limited Companies

Public limited companies (PLCs) can be broadly classified into two main types:

• Listed Public Companies
• Unlisted Public Companies

The key difference lies in whether or not their shares are traded on a stock exchange.

1. Listed Public Companies:

• These companies have their shares listed on a recognized stock exchange, such as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) or the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India.
• This allows the general public, institutional investors, and financial entities to easily buy and sell the company's shares through the exchange.
• Examples include major corporations whose shares are actively traded on stock markets.

2. Unlisted Public Companies:

• Unlike listed companies, unlisted public companies do not have their shares traded on any stock exchange.
• While they are public companies, meaning they can offer shares to the public, they choose not to list them on a stock exchange.
• This may be due to various reasons, such as a desire to maintain closer control over ownership or a strategic decision to remain private for a longer period.
• They can still raise capital from the public through other means, such as private placements.

Acts and Regulations of a Public Limited Company

Public Limited Companies (PLCs) in India are subject to a comprehensive framework of acts and regulations designed to ensure transparency, accountability, and investor protection. The primary governing law is the Companies Act, 2013, along with various allied rules and regulations.

1. The Companies Act, 2013

This is the most crucial legislation governing all aspects of companies in India, including Public Limited Companies. It covers:

• Incorporation: Rules for formation, minimum requirements (directors, shareholders), name reservation, Memorandum of Association (MOA), and Articles of Association (AOA).
• Share Capital and Debentures: Issuance, allotment, transfer, buy-back, and redemption of shares and debentures.
• Management and Administration: Provisions related to directors (appointment, removal, duties, disqualifications), key managerial personnel (KMP), board meetings, general meetings (AGM, EGM), and resolutions.
• Accounts and Audit: Requirements for maintaining books of accounts, preparation of financial statements, appointment of auditors, and conducting statutory audits.
• Deposits: Regulations concerning the acceptance of deposits from the public.
• Charges: Registration and modification of charges created by the company.
• Dividends: Rules for declaration and payment of dividends.
• Annual Filings: Mandating the filing of annual returns and financial statements with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
• Investigation, Compromises, and Amalgamations: Provisions for inspection, inquiry, investigation, mergers, acquisitions, and winding up of companies.
• Penalties: Specifies penalties for various non-compliances.

2. Securities Market Regulations (Especially for Listed Public Companies)

If a Public Limited Company is listed on a stock exchange (like BSE or NSE), it must comply with additional regulations issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), including:

• SEBI Act, 1992: The overarching act establishing SEBI and its powers.
• SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (LODR Regulations): These regulations impose stringent disclosure and governance requirements on listed entities, including:
  • Corporate governance norms (e.g., composition of the board, independent directors, committees like Audit Committee, Nomination and Remuneration Committee).
  • Timely disclosure of material events and information.
  • Compliance with Secretarial Standards issued by ICSI.
  • Financial reporting and periodic disclosures.
• SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018 (ICDR Regulations): Governs public issues (IPOs, FPOs), rights issues, and other capital-raising activities.
• SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015: Prevents insider trading by prohibiting dealing in securities based on unpublished price-sensitive information.
• SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011: Regulates changes in control and substantial acquisitions of shares in listed companies.
• SEBI (Depositories and Participants) Regulations, 2018: Governs the dematerialization of shares and operations of depositories.

3. Taxation Laws

All companies, including Public Limited Companies, must comply with various tax laws:

• Income Tax Act, 1961: Governs direct taxes, including corporate income tax, TDS (Tax Deducted at Source), and TCS (Tax Collected at Source).
• Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act, 2017: An indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services.
• Customs Act, 1962: Applicable to companies involved in import and export.

4. Labor and Employment Laws

Public Limited Companies, being employers, must adhere to various labor laws, including but not limited to:

• Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952: Deals with provident fund, pension, and deposit-linked insurance schemes for employees.
• Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948: Provides for health care and social security for workers.
• Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972: Mandates payment of gratuity to employees.
• Minimum Wages Act, 1948: Ensures payment of minimum wages to workers.
• Payment of Bonus Act, 1965: Provides for the payment of bonus to employees.
• Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: Governs the resolution of industrial disputes.
• Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013: Mandates policies and committees for the prevention of sexual harassment.

Minimum Requirements for a Public Limited Company

To form a Public Limited Company in India, several key minimum requirements must be met, ensuring a structured and transparent corporate entity.

1. Shareholders

A public limited company in India must have a minimum of 7 shareholders, who are individuals committing to subscribe to the company's shares. These individuals collectively own a portion of the company.

2. Directors

A minimum of three directors are necessary to oversee and manage the company's daily operations and overall affairs. These directors are responsible for the company's strategic direction and governance.

3. Paid-up Capital

As per the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2015, there is no minimum paid-up capital requirement for the registration of a public limited company. Companies can be incorporated with any amount of capital based on their business needs and financial capacity.

4. No Maximum Limit on Members

While there's a strict minimum requirement for the number of shareholders, there is no upper limit on how many shareholders a public limited company in India can have. This allows for broad public ownership and capital raising.

Difference between Public vs Private Limited Company

Public Limited Companies (PLCs) and Private Limited Companies (Pvt Ltd) are two fundamental types of company structures in India, each with distinct characteristics regarding ownership, capital raising, compliance, and operational flexibility.

Here's a detailed comparison between Public Limited Companies and Private Limited Companies in India:

Feature	Private Limited Company (Pvt Ltd)	Public Limited Company (PLC)
Minimum Members	2	7
Maximum Members	200 (excluding current and former employee shareholders)	No upper limit
Minimum Directors	2	3
Maximum Directors	15 (can be increased with a special resolution)	15 (can be increased with a special resolution)
Minimum Paid-up Capital	₹1 lakh (as per Companies Act, 2013, though this rule has been effectively removed by amendment)	No Limit
Suffix in Name	Must end with "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd."	Must end with "Limited" or "Ltd."
Share Transferability	Restricted by the Articles of Association, shares cannot be freely transferred to the public.	Freely transferable; shares can be bought and sold on a stock exchange (if listed).
Public Subscription	Cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares or debentures.	Can invite the public to subscribe to its shares or debentures through a prospectus.
Issue of Prospectus	Cannot issue a prospectus.	Must issue a prospectus when offering shares to the public.
Listing on the Stock Exchange	Cannot be listed on a stock exchange.	Can be listed on a recognized stock exchange (e.g., BSE, NSE).
Regulatory Compliance	Less stringent compliance and disclosure requirements.	Highly stringent compliance and disclosure requirements, especially if listed (SEBI regulations).
Access to Capital	Limited to private sources (e.g., private investors, venture capitalists, bank loans).	Greater access to capital markets, including public issues (IPOs, FPOs).
Commencement of Business	Can commence business immediately after incorporation.	Requires a Certificate of Commencement of Business after incorporation and meeting the minimum subscription (if applicable).
Public Scrutiny	Less public scrutiny and media attention.	Subject to significant public and media scrutiny due to public shareholding.
Suitability	Ideal for small to medium-sized businesses, family-owned ventures, and startups.	Suitable for large-scale businesses seeking significant capital for expansion and broad public ownership.

Weighing the pros and cons of a Public Limited Company structure is crucial when planning your business. A PLC can be a powerful vehicle for growth, but it also comes with significant responsibilities.

Advantages of a Public Limited Company

• Access to Capital: PLCs can raise large amounts of capital by selling shares to the general public. This makes it easier to fund major expansion, new technology, or large-scale projects that would otherwise be impossible.
• Limited Liability: The personal assets of shareholders are protected from company debts and lawsuits. This means their financial risk is limited only to the value of their shares, protecting their wealth.
• Enhanced Credibility and Prestige: Being listed on a stock exchange boosts a company's credibility and public profile. This enhanced reputation can make it easier to attract investors, secure partnerships, and win customer trust.
• Transferability of Shares: Shares can be easily traded on the stock market, allowing investors to buy or sell their holdings at any time. This liquidity makes the shares an attractive and flexible investment for the public.
• Attracting Talent: Public companies can offer attractive stock options (ESOPs) as part of their compensation packages. This gives them a competitive edge in attracting and retaining top-tier talent who want to share in the company's success.
• Growth and Expansion Opportunities: The ability to raise significant capital, combined with a strong public image, creates powerful growth opportunities. This enables PLCs to more easily expand into new markets, acquire other businesses, and invest in innovation.
• Potential for Economies of Scale: Because they typically operate on a large scale, PLCs can achieve economies of scale. This allows them to lower per-unit costs for production, marketing, and distribution, leading to higher efficiency and better profit margins.

Disadvantages of a Public Limited Company

• High Setup and Compliance Costs: Registering and maintaining a PLC is expensive. Costs include high legal fees, accounting expenses, listing fees, and significant ongoing spending to meet strict compliance standards.
• Regulatory Scrutiny: Public companies are under strict and constant scrutiny from regulatory bodies like the MCA and SEBI. Meeting these complex reporting and governance requirements demands significant time, resources, and dedicated staff.
• Loss of Control: When a company goes public, founders sell shares to thousands of public shareholders. This dilutes their ownership stake and can lead to a loss of control over key business decisions, as they must now answer to a board and a diverse group of investors.
• Public Scrutiny: Every move a PLC makes is watched by the public, media, and financial analysts. There is intense pressure to consistently deliver positive financial results, and any misstep can be widely publicized and damage the company's reputation.
• Market Volatility: A PLC's share price can be highly volatile, affected by overall market trends, investor sentiment, and economic factors that are outside the company's control. This can cause the company's value to fluctuate wildly.
• Short-Term Focus: The relentless pressure to meet quarterly earnings expectations can force management to prioritize short-term profits over long-term strategic goals. This can stifle innovation and hinder sustainable, healthy growth.
• Complexity of Management: The management structure of a PLC is far more complex than a private company. Leaders must navigate complex regulations, manage investor relations, and report to a board of directors, all of which require a sophisticated and experienced management team.

To register a Public Limited Company in India, certain eligibility criteria must be met to ensure compliance with the Companies Act, 2013.

• Minimum Shareholders: A PLC must have at least 7 shareholders. There is no upper limit on the number of individuals who can be shareholders in a public limited company.
• Minimum Directors: A PLC is legally mandated to have at least 3 directors to manage its affairs.
• Director Identification Number (DIN): All individuals appointed as directors must possess a Director Identification Number (DIN), which serves as a unique identification number for directors across India.
• Digital Signature Certificate (DSC): At least one director is required to have a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC), which is essential for digitally signing and authenticating documents during the online registration process.
• Registered Office: The company must establish and maintain a registered office address within India. This address serves as the official communication point for the company.
• Unique Name: The proposed name for the company must be unique and strictly comply with the naming guidelines stipulated in the Companies Act, ensuring no duplication with existing entities.

To successfully register a Public Limited Company in India, you will need to gather and submit the following documents:

• Identity Proof for Shareholders and Directors: Acceptable forms of identification for all shareholders and directors include Aadhar cards, PAN cards, or voter IDs.
• Address Proof for Shareholders and Directors: Documents proving the residential address are required for all involved members and directors.
• PAN Card Details: Permanent Account Number (PAN) details are necessary for all directors, shareholders, and members of the company.
• Company Office Address Proof: This can be a recent utility bill (not older than two months), such as an electricity bill, telephone bill, or gas bill, confirming the location of your company's registered office or business premises.
• Landlord's Consent Letter: A No-Objection Certificate (NOC) or consent letter from the landlord of your business premises is required, granting permission for your company to operate from that specific location.
• Digital Signature Certificates (DSC): Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs) are mandatory for all designated directors to digitally authenticate documents submitted during the registration process.
• MoA & AoA: Copies of the company's Articles of Association (AoA) and Memorandum of Association (MoA) are essential foundational documents.

Public limited company registration in India involves a structured multi-step process adhering to regulatory requirements.

Step 1: Obtain Digital Signature Certificates (DSC)

Before initiating the registration, it is mandatory to obtain Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) for all proposed directors and subscribers. The DSC is crucial for electronically filing various forms on the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) portal.

Step 2: Apply for Director Identification Number (DIN)

Each individual slated to be a director must possess a Director Identification Number (DIN). This can be conveniently applied for using the integrated SPICe+ form, requiring submission of identity and address proofs.

Step 3: Check Company Name Availability

Utilize the MCA online portal to ascertain the availability of your desired company name. This critical step ensures the proposed name is unique and does not infringe upon existing trademarks or company names.

Step 4: File SPICe+ Form

Upon successful name approval, proceed to file the comprehensive SPICe+ form, which consolidates various legalities for company incorporation. Alongside this form, the Memorandum of Association (MoA) and Articles of Association (AoA), outlining the company's constitution and internal rules, must be submitted.

Step 5: Certificate of Incorporation

Following the submission and review of the SPICe+ form and supporting documents, the Registrar of Companies (ROC) will issue the Certificate of Incorporation. This legally validates the company's existence, complete with its Corporate Identification Number (CIN)  and incorporation date.

Step 6: Apply for PAN and TAN

With the Certificate of Incorporation in hand, the subsequent step is to apply for the company's Permanent Account Number (PAN)  and Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TAN). Both are indispensable for all tax-related transactions and compliance.

Step 7: Open a Company Bank Account

Finally, establish a bank account in the name of the company. This requires presenting the Certificate of Incorporation, MoA, AoA, PAN, and other relevant documents to the chosen bank, enabling the company to conduct its financial transactions.

The total cost of registering a Public Limited Company can vary based on several factors, including the authorized capital, professional fees, and state-specific stamp duty.

Breakdown of Fees

• Government Fees: These fees cover aspects like name reservation, registration, and stamp duty. The exact amount is often dependent on the company's authorized capital.
• Professional Fees: This category includes charges for legal documentation, assistance from Chartered Accountants or Company Secretaries, and other related professional services essential for the registration process.
• Authorized Capital: The overall registration fees are frequently structured in tiers linked to the company's authorized share capital. Higher authorized capital generally correlates with higher fees.

Penalties

• Late Filing: Penalties are levied for the failure to submit required documents or returns by their due dates, such as annual returns or financial statements.
• Non-Compliance: Violations of various provisions within the Companies Act can lead to penalties. These include, but are not limited to, failure to maintain proper records, non-disclosure of mandatory information, or other regulatory breaches.
• Specific Penalties: The precise penalties imposed vary based on the nature and severity of the violation, ranging from monetary fines to other legal actions, as highlighted.

While a Public Limited Company registration is permanent and does not need renewal, the company must fulfill mandatory annual compliance requirements to maintain its active status and avoid legal penalties.

Perpetual Validity of Registration

Once registered, a Public Limited Company's Certificate of Incorporation is valid for its entire lifetime. Think of it as the company's birth certificate—it is a permanent document that never expires and does not require renewal. The company’s legal status remains intact indefinitely, unless it is formally closed through a legal dissolution process.

Mandatory Annual Compliance

To remain in good legal standing, a PLC must adhere to the following key ongoing requirements:

• Annual Filings: The company must file its annual returns and audited financial statements with the Registrar of Companies (RoC) every financial year.
• Director KYC: Every director must complete their annual KYC verification by filing the e-form DIR-3 KYC with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). This is necessary to keep their Director Identification Number (DIN) active.
• Consequences of Non-Compliance: Failure to meet these obligations can lead to severe consequences, including heavy fines, disqualification of directors, and the risk of the company's name being struck off the register, which would terminate its legal existence.

Company incorporation is simpler now, but post-incorporation compliance is crucial. Directors and shareholders must understand the stringent Companies Act 2013 requirements, as ignorance of the law is no excuse for avoiding penalties.

1. Hold the First Board Meeting

As per Section 173(1) of the Companies Act 2013, the company must hold its first Board of Directors meeting within 30 days of its incorporation date. Directors are permitted to attend either in person or via video conferencing.

2. Appoint the First Auditor

As per Section 139(1), the first auditor (excluding government companies) must be appointed by the Board of Directors within 30 days of registration. If they fail to do so, members must appoint the auditor within 90 days at an extraordinary general meeting. The first auditor's term concludes at the end of the first annual general meeting.

3. Open a Company Bank Account

Companies are required to open a bank account. This is essential as the company, being an artificial entity, cannot conduct financial transactions in the name of any natural person.

4. Disclose Director's Interest

At the first board meeting, every director must formally disclose their interests in any other company, firm, body corporate, or association of individuals (as outlined in Section 184(1)). Any subsequent changes in these disclosures must be intimated to the board at its first meeting in each financial year. Any independent director must also provide a declaration confirming they meet the criteria of independence during their first board meeting as a director.

5. Establish a Registered Office

Under Section 12(1), a company must establish a registered office within 30 days of its incorporation date. This address will serve as the official point for all communications from various authorities, and the company must inform the Registrar of Companies (ROC) about it within the same 30-day period.

6. Issue Share Certificates

Share certificates must be issued to all subscribers (the initial shareholders) within 60 days of the date of incorporation. For additional share allotments, the 60-day period begins from the date of allotment.

7. Obtain Certificate of Commencement of Business

The company must obtain a certificate of commencement of business within 180 days. This requires filing a disclosure from the directors confirming that every subscriber has paid the amount due on their shares.

8. Maintain Statutory Registers

The company is required to maintain statutory registers at its registered office in the prescribed format. Failure to do so will subject the company to penalties.

9. Display Company Name and Details

Every company is mandated to affix its name at all locations where it conducts business operations, displayed in the local language. Additionally, the company must procure a seal with its name engraved, prepare letterheads with appropriate information, and print negotiable instruments accordingly.

10. Set Up Books of Accounts

As per Section 128, every company must maintain proper books of accounts that accurately and fairly represent its financial state. The double-entry system must be followed, and accounting should be done on an accrual basis.

A Certificate of Incorporation for a public limited company is a legal document issued by a government authority (like the Registrar of Companies in India) that officially recognizes the company's formation and registration. It's essentially the company's birth certificate, signifying that it has met all legal requirements to operate as a separate legal entity.

What It Is

This legal document confirms a company's existence as a registered entity. It is issued after the company completes the incorporation process and registers with the appropriate authorities, such as the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in India or Companies House in the UK. The certificate serves as proof that the company is legally formed and authorized to conduct business.

Key Information on the Certificate

• Company Name: The official name of the company.
• Registration Number: A unique identification number assigned to the company.
• Date of Incorporation: The date when the company was officially registered.
• Registered Office Address: The location of the company's official address.
• Type of Company: Indicates whether it's a public limited company, private limited company, etc.

Importance of the Certificate

• Legal Recognition: Establishes the company as a separate legal entity with its rights and responsibilities.
• Business Operations: Allows the company to open bank accounts, enter into contracts, and conduct other business activities.
• Compliance: Essential for complying with company law and regulations.
• Fundraising: Enables the company to raise capital and attract investors.
• Proof of Existence: Serves as conclusive evidence of the company's legal existence.