A Nidhi company is a special kind of Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC). Its main job is to borrow and lend money, but only among its members. The core idea is "mutual benefit," meaning everything the company does is for its members' good.
These companies are set up under Section 406 of the Companies Act, 2013. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) oversees them through the Nidhi Rules, 2014.
Is a Nidhi Company an NBFC?
Yes, a Nidhi Company is classified as a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC). However, it differs from traditional NBFCs in several ways.
Important Distinctions:
- No RBI Registration Required: Nidhi Companies are exempt from registering with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- Limited Regulation by RBI: Since they only deal with their members, the RBI provides certain exemptions under the RBI Act, 1934. The RBI can issue directives, but does not oversee the company's daily operations.
- They cannot:
- Issue preference shares, debentures, or any other debt instruments.
- Conduct business such as chit funds, hire purchase, leasing, or insurance.
Who Regulates Nidhi Companies in India?
Nidhi Companies are not regulated by the RBI like other NBFCs. Instead, they are controlled by the MCA.
Key Regulations:
- Nidhi Companies must follow the Companies Act of 2013.
- They must also comply with the Nidhi Rules, 2014, and any changes made later.
- They are required to file annual returns and financial reports with the Registrar of Companies (RoC).
Areas Monitored by MCA:
- Compliance with minimum members requirement (e.g., 200 members within 1 year).
- Maintenance of Net Owned Funds (NOF).
- Limits on how much the company can deposit.
- Proper and safe lending practices.
Role of the RBI:
- The RBI does not directly manage Nidhi Companies.
- However, it can give directions if needed to protect the overall financial system.
- The RBI also monitors systemic risks, particularly when a Nidhi Company functions beyond its permitted scope.