Transfer of Shares in India

Transfer of shares refers to the process by which ownership of shares in a company is moved from one person (the transferor) to another (the transferee). This usually involves a formal agreement and documentation, such as a share transfer deed, and must comply with the company’s Articles of Association and applicable laws. The transfer changes the legal owner of the shares and their associated rights, such as voting and dividends.

Share transfers are common in both private and public companies, driven by reasons like sales, gifts, inheritance, or corporate restructuring. Proper registration of the transfer with the company is essential to update the official register of shareholders and to ensure the new owner’s rights are legally recognised. Without this, the transfer may not be valid or enforceable.

Who are the Persons Involved in the Share Transfer?

The share transfer process typically involves the following key parties:

• Transferor – The current shareholder who initiates the transfer by agreeing to sell or gift their shares.
• Transferee – The individual or entity acquiring the shares and becoming the new shareholder.
• Company Secretary or Authorised Officer – Responsible for verifying documents, ensuring legal compliance, and updating internal company records.
• Board of Directors – Has the authority to approve or reject the share transfer based on the company's Articles of Association.
• Witnesses – May be required to sign the share transfer deed to confirm the authenticity of the transaction.
• Registrar or Share Transfer Agent – In the case of listed companies, they update shareholding records and issue new share certificates.
• Legal Advisors – Involved in drafting or reviewing transfer agreements, especially in cases of dispute, inheritance, or complex transactions.
• Auditor or Financial Consultant – May assist in the valuation of shares or guide tax implications related to the transfer.
• Notary Public (if required) – Some transfers, especially international or high-value ones, may require notarization for legal validity.

Here are the common types of share transfers based on their purpose and nature:

It's important to differentiate between "transfer" and "transmission" of shares since transfer is a voluntary act, while transmission occurs by operation of law due to events like death or insolvency.

Share transfers in India are governed by a robust legal framework to ensure transparency and prevent fraudulent activities. Here are the key laws you need to be aware of:

A. Provisions Under the Companies Act, 2013

The Companies Act, 2013, is the primary legislation governing companies in India, including the transfer of shares.

• Section 56: Governs the procedure for transfer and transmission of shares, including execution, stamping, and timelines for delivery and registration of share certificates.
• Section 58: Deals with the refusal of registration of transfer or transmission by private companies and provides the right to appeal to the Tribunal (NCLT) if such refusal is unjustified.
• Section 59: Covers rectification of the Register of Members in cases where a transfer is wrongfully denied or fraudulent, allowing aggrieved parties to seek correction through the Tribunals.

B. Indian Stamp Act, 1899

The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, mandates the payment of stamp duty on various instruments, including share transfer deeds. This duty is a government tax levied on transactions to make them legally valid. Failing to pay the correct stamp duty can result in penalties and may render the transfer legally invalid.

It’s important to note that the stamp duty rate may vary depending on the state, the type of company (listed or unlisted), and the value of the shares being transferred. Always check the applicable rate before proceeding.

C. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999

If shares are being transferred to or from a Non-Resident Indian (NRI) or a foreign entity, FEMA regulations become crucial. These rules govern foreign investments in India and dictate how such transactions should be conducted, including reporting to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

D. Income Tax Act, 1961

The Income Tax Act is relevant because any capital gains arising from the sale of shares are subject to tax under Section 45. This means the seller must pay capital gains tax based on the sale consideration and holding period. Additionally, Section 50CA applies when shares, especially unlisted ones, are transferred at a price lower than their fair market value; in such cases, the fair market value is treated as the full consideration for calculating capital gains, preventing undervaluation.

The buyer may also have tax implications if shares are received for inadequate consideration. Thus, both the seller and buyer need to consider these provisions to ensure proper tax compliance.

Transferring shares in a Private Limited Company involves a structured process. Follow these steps carefully to ensure a seamless transfer:

Step 1: Reviewing the Articles of Association (AOA)

Before initiating any transfer, thoroughly review the company's Articles of Association (AOA). The AOA is a crucial document that outlines the internal rules and regulations of the company, including any restrictions on share transfers. Private limited companies often have clauses like "right of first refusal," where existing shareholders or the company itself have the first option to buy shares before they are offered to outsiders.

Ignoring these clauses can cause disputes and even render the share transfer invalid. It's crucial to check for restrictions on free transferability. Many private companies have clauses requiring board or shareholder approval before selling shares to an outsider.

Step 2: Executing the Share Transfer Deed (Form SH-4)

The Share Transfer Deed, specifically Form SH-4, is the cornerstone of the share transfer process. Both the transferor (seller) and the transferee (buyer) must fill out and sign this form. It includes details such as their names, addresses, the number of shares being transferred, and the consideration (price) for the transfer. This form must be executed within 30 days of the date of the share transfer. Ensure all details are accurate and legible to avoid delays.

Step 3: Paying the Correct Stamp Duty

Once the Share Transfer Deed is ready, pay the applicable stamp duty on it. The stamp duty is typically a percentage of the consideration amount or the market value of the shares, whichever is higher. We will delve deeper into stamp duty calculations in the next section. You can pay stamp duty through various methods, including franking (certifying a stamp duty by an authorized bank or government office) or e-stamping.

Stamp duty is generally 0.015% of the consideration amount or market value, whichever is higher, in most Indian states.

Example: If shares are sold for Rs. 10,00,000 but the market value is Rs. 12,00,000, stamp duty will be calculated on Rs. 12,00,000. So, stamp duty = 0.015% × Rs. 12,00,000 = Rs. 1,800.

Step 4: Obtain Board Approval via Resolution

After paying stamp duty, the company's Board of Directors needs to approve the share transfer. The transferor or transferee, or both, submit the duly executed Share Transfer Deed along with the original share certificate(s) to the company. The Board then holds a meeting and passes a Board Resolution to approve the transfer. This resolution officially recognizes the change in ownership and authorizes the company to update its records.

Step 5: Submitting Documents to the Company

Submit all necessary documents to the company's registered office at least 7 days before the scheduled board meeting, as mandated by the Companies Act and Secretarial Standards. This timeline ensures the board has sufficient time to review the documents before approving the share transfer.

This usually includes:

• The duly executed and stamped Share Transfer Deed (Form SH-4).
• The original share certificate(s) related to the shares being transferred.
• PAN card copies of both the transferor and transferee.
• Any other documents as required by the company's AOA or the Board.

Step 6: Company's Duty to Issue New Share Certificate

Upon successful approval of the transfer by the Board and verification of all documents, the company has a statutory duty to issue new share certificates to the transferee within one month from the date of receiving the instrument of transfer. The new certificate will reflect the updated ownership, and the old certificate(s) will be cancelled.

Having all the correct documents in order is vital for a smooth share transfer. Here's a checklist of essential documents:

Stamp duty is a mandatory aspect of share transfer in India. Understanding its calculation and payment is crucial for a legally valid transaction.

Current Stamp Duty Rate on Share Transfer

The stamp duty rates for the transfer of shares can vary based on whether the shares are in physical or dematerialized form, and whether the transaction occurs through a stock exchange.

Note: These rates are subject to change based on government notifications. It's always advisable to contact a professional.

How to Calculate Stamp Duty on Your Share Transaction?

To calculate the stamp duty, you need to use the greater of the following two values:

1. Consideration Amount: The price at which the shares are being transferred.
2. Market Value: The fair market value of the shares on the date of execution of the transfer deed. For listed shares, this is easily determined. For unlisted shares, a valuation report might be necessary.

Example: If you are transferring physical shares worth Rs. 1,00,000 for a consideration of Rs. 90,000, the stamp duty will be calculated on Rs. 1,00,000 (the higher value) at 0.25%, which amounts to Rs. 250.

Who is Responsible for Paying Stamp Duty - The Buyer or the Seller?

Generally, the buyer (transferee) is responsible for paying stamp duty. For on-market trades, it's collected automatically. For off-market transfers, the liability can be contractually agreed upon, but it is crucial to ensure it is paid on the SH-4 form before submission.

Share transfer can be a straightforward process, but common errors can lead to delays or even invalidate the transfer. Be mindful of these pitfalls:

• Incomplete Documentation: Failing to submit a duly executed and stamped share transfer deed or missing required identity proofs can delay or invalidate the transfer. Always ensure all forms and documents are complete and properly signed.
• Ignoring AOA Restrictions: Many private companies have restrictions in their Articles of Association. Transferring shares without board approval or violating these clauses can lead to rejection.
• Non-Payment of Stamp Duty: Not paying the correct stamp duty can make the transfer legally unenforceable. Always verify and affix the required duty on the transfer deed.
• Incorrect Share Certificate Details: Errors in names, folio numbers, or share quantities on the certificate can cause discrepancies. Double-check all entries before submission.
• Delayed Filing: Missing deadlines for submitting forms or notifying the company can lead to penalties or non-compliance. File all documents within the stipulated time.

Failure to follow proper share transfer procedures can lead to significant penalties and legal issues.

A Share Certificate is a crucial legal document that serves as proof of ownership of shares in a company. It specifies the number of shares held, their distinctive numbers (for physical shares), and the name of the shareholder. For physical shares, it’s a tangible document.

For dematerialized (demat) shares, ownership is proven by an electronic statement from your depository, not a physical certificate. This system enhances security and simplifies transfers.

Once a share transfer is successfully registered by the company, a new share certificate is issued in the name of the transferee (the new owner) within 30 days from the date of receiving the SH-4 and original certificate. This new certificate officially recognizes the change in ownership and should be securely stored, as it is vital for any future transactions, dividends, or rights issues.

How to Check Share Transfer Status?

To check status:

1. Contact the Company’s Registrar or Share Transfer Agent (RTA): Reach out to the company’s RTA or registrar office where the share transfer documents were submitted.
2. Provide Details: Share details like the transferor’s and transferee’s names, share certificate number, and date of transfer.
3. Request Status Update: Ask if the board has approved the transfer and whether the share transfer deed (Form SH-4) has been processed.
4. Check the Register of Members: If possible, verify whether the transferee’s name has been entered in the company’s Register of Members.
5. Follow Up: Regularly follow up until the transfer is approved and recorded.

How to Check New Share Certificate Issuance?

To check:

1. Confirm Transfer Completion:
   Ensure the share transfer has been approved and recorded as per the previous steps.
2. Request Certificate Dispatch Status: Ask the company or RTA whether the new share certificate has been printed and dispatched to the transferee’s address.
3. Check Delivery: Track the courier or postal service if tracking details are provided.
4. Verify Certificate Details: Once received, verify the new certificate details — number of shares, name of the transferee, certificate number, and date of issue.
5. Report Issues Promptly: If the certificate is delayed or has discrepancies, notify the company or RTA immediately.